1. Overwatering

Bonsai soil is typically designed for rapid drainage; overwatering can lead to root suffocation and rot. Watering frequency should be adjusted based on soil moisture levels, rather than following a fixed schedule.

Example: For pine bonsai, water should be applied when the top layer of soil is dry to a depth of 1-2 cm, to avoid watering before it is completely dry.

2. Using unsuitable soil

Choosing the right soil is crucial for the health of a bonsai. The soil needs to have good drainage and appropriate nutrients.

Example: Kanuma soil is commonly used for azalea bonsai, as this acidic soil is very beneficial to azaleas. To improve water retention and provide more nutrients, Kanuma soil can be mixed with Akadama soil in a 5:4 ratio.

3. Neglecting fertilization needs

Because bonsai have limited soil volume, their nutrients are rapidly depleted, so they need to be fertilized regularly. Excessive fertilization may lead to salt accumulation, which can damage the plant's root system.

Example: During the spring and autumn growing seasons, slow-release fertilizer should be used on azalea bonsai. Spread it evenly on the soil surface and ensure it dissolves and is evenly distributed when watering. Fertilization should be stopped during the plant's low activity or dormancy period (winter) to avoid nutrient overload and potential root damage.

4. Over-pruning

Proper pruning can help bonsai maintain their shape and health, but over-pruning can damage the plant and affect its growth and recovery.

Example: For black pine bonsai, light pruning should be done in late spring to remove excessively long new branches, rather than cutting off a large amount of new growth. This will preserve enough foliage to support the plant's photosynthesis and growth.

5. Ignoring lighting requirements

Note: Different bonsai plants have different light requirements. Insufficient light will lead to slow plant growth and dull leaf color. Appropriate light must be arranged according to the specific needs of the plant.

Example: Red pine bonsai need about 2 hours of direct sunlight every day. If placed indoors or in a too shady place, its growth will be affected, and the needles may become sparse and fade in color.

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